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| Harold, the Earl of Wessex's land prior to being crowned King of England |
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| King Harold II of England |
1066, Here Come the Normans,
Part I
If you can only remember one
date in all the fascinating history of Britain.
Remember 1066! A reminder: Against my better judgment and through nearly
faultless research and painstaking scribbles that led my faithful readers
through thousands of years of British history, I bring you to the year that
everything changed.
Yes, of course, in the
relentless march of time, whether we’re speaking of changes in climate, or the
miraculous splitting of continents, or the decline and fall of bellbottom
trousers, changes occur. But some
changes are more immediate and dramatic than others. 1066 was both.
In the case of Britain, I’ve
taken you from Pre-Roman times, to Roman times, the exit of Romans, the rise of
the Vikings to the fall of the Vikings.
But, those were petty and temporary changes in Britain compared to what
happened next. For those unfortunates
who have not read my previous scintillating prose portrayals of the formation
of Britain, I’ve listed the links below.
Now for some odds and ends to
prepare you for the most important year in English History! The dates are all in 1066, and the months are
just to help you remember the chronological order of things. The test consists of keeping track of how
many beers you drink while you read this superb encapsulation of “Here Come the
Normans.”
5 January – Edward the Confessor,
the King of England dies with no heirs and promises William the Duke of Normandy
that he will be king. Harold Godwinson another claimant to the throne, but
without blood ties to Edward, swears to abide by the King’s decision. But on his deathbed, the King apparently
changed his mind and told Harold that he would be King. There are lots of ends and outs here, but I'm giving you the bare framework.
So what was the connection
between Edward the Confessor (King of England) and William the Duke of
Normandy? They shared a bloodline. Edward’s grandfather was William the
Conqueror’s great grandfather.
6 January – Harold Godwinson
(Harold II) is proclaimed King
18 September – Norwegian King
Harald Hadrada (yet another claimant to the throne of England) invades England from Norway.
20 September – King Hadrada defeats the northern
English earls and King Harold’s brother, Tosig Godwinson joins the Norwegian
King’s victorious army. King Harold had
exiled his brother previously, so Tosig had a bone to pick. But he picked the wrong bone.
Harold II rides his army north
to meet the invaders.
25 September – Harold II wins
the battle of Stamford Bridge. Both
Tosig and the Norwegian King are killed during the battle.
Hooray! Hooray!
But, wait a second and not so fast, King Harold!
26 September – William, Duke
of Normandy has a blood tie claim to the throne of England. He and his army set sail for the English
coast. Edward the Confessor told me I would
be king and Harold swore an oath to support my claim. Went back on his oath? Them’s fightin’ words!
Harold, no doubt sensing a
problem as big and nasty as a boil on the part of the body that meets the
saddle, hurries his army south.
On William’s part there had
been many fits and starts before the voyage began. Troubles were many, including winds and
weather and desertions. The number of vessels in the fleet is estimated at between 776 and 1000.
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| William the Duke of Normandy |
28 September 1066 - William’s
army lands at Pevensey Bay, about 50 miles south-southeast of London.
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| Pevensey Bay today |
14 October - The Battle of
Hastings, which evidently took place nearer the town of Battle, rather than
Hastings, will change the direction of Anglo-Saxon England, as well as English
life. The Norman army is
victorious. English King Harold II is killed,
reportedly by an arrow in the eye.
However, an arrow through the eye was the customary death for someone
who broke his oath, so the report may have been changed to conform with custom.
Some historians believe he was clubbed to death. No one knows where he is
buried.
Ok, you’ve got the date and
the name of the battle, but let’s examine what the battle was like.
First some interesting facts
from Britain Magazine. If you’re an
anglophile, as I am, can’t recommend this magazine highly enough!
The first man killed in the
battle was Taillefer, William’s jester. Here’s
how it happened. Taillefer ran out in
front and taunted the English by singing the Chanson de Roland and juggling
with his sword. An English soldier ran
out to confront him and was slain.
Taillefer then charged the English line and was overwhelmed. Guess the jester didn’t get the last laugh.
During the battle, both sides
took a break for lunch. On the French
side, lunch included much wine and carnal satisfaction, hence the name, William
the Conqueror. (Ok, I made that part
up, but they did take a lunch break.)
It wasn’t a fair fight. Really?
What commander wants a fair fight? The English army was a few thousand
men short, numbering about 5,000, mostly on foot, with a few archers. The larger French army, about 15,000 men. was
supported by archers and about one fourth of the army was cavalry.
In truth, the sizes of the
armys are estimates. For Harold, 5000
to 7000 troops. For William, 10,000 to
15,000 troops.
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| The layout of the Battle of Hastings, with the English Army in Red. |
Still the English put up a
good fight and Harold II had a great plan.
First, he took the high ground and a defensive position, and set up a shield
wall. Harold warned his troops, who were both outnumbered and weary from the
long march south, to simply hold the line and not to waiver. He expected a
northern army to arrive with fresh troops.
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| The English view of the battlefield looking down the hill. |
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| The Norman view of the battlefield looking up the hill |
The battle began about 9 a.m.
The Normans attacked with cavalry and were repulsed. Several more attacks met
with the same result. About 1 p.m.,
while attacking the English right flank (Norman left flank) the Normans took
heavy losses and apparently instead of withdrawing in an orderly fashion, they
ran. Thinking the Normans were close to
defeat, the English right flank pursued rapidly. There was also a rumor that
William had been killed. Not so! William mounted a second house and rode down
his line with his helmet shield raised to prove he was alive.
Seeing the English racing
after his fleeing troops, William sent his cavalry to cut the English off, and trapped them in the open. With the
English right flank decimated, William took advantage, attacking all across the
English front. In the end, he did
something very clever. With few arrows
left, he told his archers to wait until the Norman troops were almost at the
English line, then to fire high in the air.
The English shield line could
not use shields to defend against both on-coming foot soldiers and arrows
raining down from on high. In the end,
the Saxon army was crushed.
By dusk the battle was over.
The northern army Harold counted on never arrived. The days of Anglo-Saxon hegemony were
over. England belonged to the Normans.
On Christmas Day 1066, William
was crowned King of England in the newly built Westminster Abby, London.
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| A Map showing the whole sequence of events up to the crowning of William the Conquerer |
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| King William's holdings after the conquest of England |
Next we’ll look at life under
the Normans and the new direction of English history.
